80th Anniversary of D-Day-- Part 3: Parachutists

Today is the 80th anniversary of D-Day.  I am writing about it in this blog and my Cooter's History Thing Blog.

Along with the men parachuting into German-occupied France early morning of June 6, 1944, were men making hair-raising descents in gliders.  (Now, I think that would be more scary than parachuting.)  The goal of both groups was to secure roads, bridges and other strategic points inland of the invasion beaches and destroy gun emplacements that raked the sands and ships with deadly fire.

The re-enactor parachutists took off Sunday from Duxford, England, for the 90-minute flight to Carentan.  This Normandy town was the heart of D-Day drop zones in 1944.

Sunday's jumpers were from an international civilian team of parachutists, many of them former soldiers.  The only woman, 61-year-old Dawna Bennett, felt history's force as she exited the plane.

"It's the same doorway and it's the same countryside from 80 years ago, and it's like, 'Oh my God, I'm so thankful I'm not doing this at midnight," she said.

--GreGen

80th Anniversary of D-Day Commences-- Part 2: Largest-Ever Air, Land and Sea Armada

Part of the reason for the fireworks shows, parachute jumps and solemn commemorations and ceremonies  that world leaders will attend this week is to pass the baton of remembrance to the current generations now seeing war in the Ukraine.

U.S. President Joe Biden, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and British Royals are among the VIPs that France is expecting for D-Day events.

**************************

The Parachute Drop

Looping around each other, the C-47s dropped strings of jumpers, 70 in all, dressed in WW II-era uniforms.  A huge crowd, estimated in the thousands, whooped and hollered as the round chutes opened while listening to tunes from Glenn Miller and Edith Piaf.

Two of the planes, christened "That's All Brother" and "Placid Lassie"were D-Day veterans themselves.  They had been among the thousands of C-47s and other aircraft that on June 6, 1944,  formed what was the largest-ever sea air and land armada.

--GreGen

80th Anniversary of D-Day Commences

From June 2, 2024, PBS News Hour "Week of ceremonies for D-Day's 80th anniversary kicks off with parachute jump over Normandy" by John Leicaster, AP.

Carentan-Les-Marais, France.

Parachutists jumping from World War II-era planes hurled themselves Sunday into now peaceful Normandy skies where war once raged, heralding a week of ceremonies for the fast-disappearing generation of Allied troops who fought from D-Day beaches 80 years ago to Adolf Hitler's fall, helping free Europe from his tyranny.

Eighty years ago, young soldiers from the United States, Britain, Canada and other Allied nations waded ashore on five beaches on June 6, 1944.

The ever-dwindling number of veterans in their late nineties and older who are coming back to remember fallen friends and their  history-changing exploits are the last.

Of course, even before the troops came ashore on the beaches, Allied paratroopers were landing in occupied France.

--GreGen

The Wreck of the USS-Harder (SS-257)-- Part 2: Locating the Wreck

The submarines found targets.  In a battle with the Japanese escort ship CD-22 on the morning of August 24, 1944, the Harder fired three torpedoes at the ship.  All three missed.  Then the CD-22 started tracking the Harder and launched four depth charge attacks before sinking the Harder on the fifth try (according to Japanese records).

The location of the Harder's wreck was confirmed by the Lost 52 Project, an effort led by Tim Taylor, CEO of Tiburon Subsea, to find the 52 U.S. subs lost at sea in World War II.

The group had previously located at least six of those subs.

The U.S. Navy's History and Heritage Command (NHHC) reports:  "We are grateful that the Lost 52 has given us the opportunity to once again honor the crew of the 'Hit 'em Harder' submarine.  (That was the vessel's motto.)

The wreck is "the final resting place of Sailors that gave their life in the defense of the nation and should be respected by all parties as a war grave."

--GreGen

The Wreck of the USS Harder (SS-257)-- Part 1

From May 23, 2024 CNN "USS Harder: Wreck of famed US Navy World War II sub found off Philippines" by Brad Lendon.

The wreck of one of the most storied US Navy submarines has been found in the South China Sea eight decades after its last patrol according to the Navy's History and Heritage Command.

It lies under 3,000 feet of water off the northern Philippine island of Luzon, sitting upright and intact except for damage behind its conning tower from a Japanese depth charge.

The Harder was lost in battle August 24, 1944, along with its crew of 79 while on its sixth war patrol as the US sought to retake the Philippines.  The Harder had sunk two Japanese escort vessels off the Bataan Peninsula on August 22, 1944, and then headed north along the Luzon coast with two other submarines in search of more targets.

--GreGen

U-853-- Part 9: The Wreck

On 6 and 7 May 1945, Navy divers attempted to enter the wreck to recover the captain's safe and the papers within it, but failed.  Recreational divers first visited the site in 1953.  In 1960, a recreational diver brought up a body from the wreck.  This provoked admirals and clergy to petition the U.S. government for petitions on disturbing the dead.

The German crewman was buried with full military honors in Newport, Rhode Island.

As of 1998, two recreational divers had died from exploring the wreckage.  Stephen Hardick died in 2005 while filming the submarine.  He surfaces unconscious and could not be revived.  He was 60 years old and died as a result of saltwater drowning associated with poor according to the Rhode Island  Medical Examiner's office.

On October 26, 2022, a live depth charge was found near the wreckage by fishermen based out of Rhode Island.  It contained 267 pounds of TNT.

--GreGen

U-853-- Part 8: The Wreck

The ship lies 7 nautical miles east of Block Island in 130 feet of water.  Most of the 55 crew member bodies are still inside the hull which is classified as a war grave.  It is one of the most popular dive sites in southern New England.

The hull has depth charge blast holes:  one forward of the conning tower at the radio room and another in the starboard side of the engine room.

Entering the wreck is dangerous due to debris, sharp metal edges and confined spaces.

On May 6 and 7 May 1945, Navy divers attempted to enter the wreck to recover the captain's safe and papers, but failed.

--GreGen

U-853-- Part 7: Legacy: Propellers

LEGACY

The submarine's two propellers were on display for many years at the Inn at Castle Hill in Newport and are now in custody of the U.S. Naval War College Museum at Newport Naval Station.

The USS Atherton was transferred to Japan and served as part of the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force until 1975 when she was returned to the United States.  She was then given to the Philippines in 1978 and served as the BRP Rajah Humabon (PS-11) with the Philippine Navy until 2018.

Interest has been expressed in returning the Atherton to the United States so she can be restored to her World War II appearance to be opened to the public. The Rajah Humabon was decommissioned on 15 March 2018 and is planned to be part of the Philippine Navy museum in Sangley Point.

--GreGen

U-853-- Part 6: Battle of Point Judith

The Black Point was the last U.S.-flagged merchant ship lost in World War II.  One of the ships rescuing the survivors, the Yugoslav freighter Kamen sent a report of the torpedoing to authorities.

The U.S. Navy organized a "hunter-killer" group that included four American warships:  USS Ericsson, USS Amick, USS Atherton and USS Moberly.

They discovered the U-853 on the bottom in 108 feet of water and dropped depth charges and hedgehogs during a 16-hour attack.  At first, the U-boat attempted to flee, then tried to hide by lying still.  Both times it was found by sonar.

On the morning of 6 May 1945, two K-Class blimps from Lakehurst, New Jersey, K-16 and K-58, joined the attack, locating oil slicks and marking suspected locations with smoke and dye markers.

K-16 also attacked with 7.2-inch rocket bombs.  Numerous depth charge and hedgehog attacks from the Atherton and Moberly resulted in planking, life rafts and an officer's cap floating to the surface.

The U-853 was one of the last U-boats sunk during WW II and the last to be sunk in U.S. waters.  (The U-881 was sunk on the same day in the North Atlantic.)

The Atherton and Moberly were given credit for the kill.

--GreGen

U-853-- Part 5: Sinking the USS Eagle 56 and Battle of Point Judith

Although several survivors of the Eagle claimed to have seen a submarine sail with yellow and red insignia, a Navy inquiry attributed the Eagle's sinking to a boiler explosion.  The Navy reversed its finding in 2001 to acknowledge that the sinking was due to hostile action and awarded Purple Hearts to the survivors and next-of-kin of the deceased.

BATTLE OF POINT JUDITH

On 5 May 1945, the new president of Germany, Karl Donitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.

The U-853 was lying in wait off Point Judith, Rhode Island at the time.

Either the submarine didn't receive this order or ignored it.

Soon afterwards, a torpedo from her blew the stern off of the collier Black Point underway from New York to Boston.  Within 15 minutes the Black Point had sunk in 100 feet of water less than four nautical miles south of Point Judith. Twelve men died and 34 were rescued.

--GreGen

German Submarine U-853-- Part 4: Third and Final Patrol

SECOND PATROL

In seven weeks between 27 August and 14 October 1944, the U-853 was on it second patrol, but sank no ships.  The ship had been fitted out with a Schnorchel, a retractable air intake and exhaust that allowed it to remain submerged while running her diesel engines.  This reduced the need to spend dangerous periods on the surface charging batteries.

LAST PATROL

ON 23 February  1945, the U-853 was sent on her third war patrol to harass U.S. coastal shipping.  She did not sink any targets during the first weeks of patrol.  On 1 April she was ordered to the Gulf of Maine.

On 23 April, she fatally torpedoed the USS Eagle 56  near Portland, Maine.  The Eagle has been towing targets for the US Navy dive bomber training exercise 3 nautical miles off Cape Elizabeth when she exploded amidships and sank.  Only 13 of her 67 crew survived.

The same day, the USS Selfridge dropped nine depth charges on a suspected submarine.  The next day, the USS Muskegon made sonar contact and attacked the U-853, but failed to destroy her.

--GreGen

German Submarine U-853-- Part 3: First War Patrol, Weather-Watching and the Queen Mary

On her first war patrol from May to June 1944, the U-853 was assigned weather watching duty.  German intelligence believed weather would have a major impact on an expected Allied invasion of Europe.  On 25 May, she spotted the RMS Queen Mary, loaded with American troops and supplies.  (The Queen Mary most likely was carrying 15,000 soldiers at the time.)

The U-853 submerged to attack but was outrun by the much faster ship.  As she surfaced in the Queen Mary's wake, she was attacked by British aircraft from an oil tanker and a grain ship converted into Merchant Aircraft Carriers.

No major damage took place to the submarine, however.

Meanwhile, the escort carrier Croatan had been hunting weather boats for nearly a month and had already sunk  the U-488 and U-490.  German radio messages were intercepted from the submarine and the Croatan and six destroyers went looking for her.

The U-853 proved elusive, but on 17 June, a weather report from the U-853 was picked up just 30 nautical miles away.  Planes were scrambled and an attack made within minutes.  Strafing runs were made and two sailors were killed and 12 wounded.  The submarine crash dived to safety.

The U-853 returned to its base at Lorient in northwest France, ending the patrol.

--GreGen

German Submarine U-853-- Part 2: The 'Tightrope Walker'

The U-853 was built by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen, Germany.  Ordered on 5 June 1941, her keel was laid on 21 August 1942 and commissioned on 25 June 1943.

The Germans nicknamed the ship "der Seiltanzer" meaning "The Tightrope Walker" and her crew pained an emblem of a yellow shield with a red horse on the sail.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

LENGTH:  251 feet 10 inches

BEAM:  22.6 feet

SPEED:  18.3 knots surfaced, 7.3 knots submerged

TEST DEPTH:  750 feet

COMPLEMENT:   4 officers, 44 enlisted

ARMAMENT:

6 torpedo tubes (4 bow, 2 stern)

one 4.1-inch deck gun

one 31.5-inch AA gun

one twin 2 cm FlaK 30 AA guns

--GreGen

German Submarine U-853

From Wikipedia.

This was the German ship that is now given credit for sinking the USS Eagle 56.

Was a Type IXC/40 U-boat.  Her keel was laid down on 21 August 1942 and commissioned  on 25 June 1943.  She saw action in the Battle of the Atlantic, conducting three war patrols, sinking two Allied ships.

On her final patrol she had been sent to harass Allied ships along the United States coast.  She destroyed the USS Eagle 56 near Portland near Portland, Maine, and just days before the German surrender torpedoed and sank the collier Black Point during the Battle of Point Judith.

Then, the day before the surrender, American warships located the U-583 and sank her 7 nautical miles  east of Block Island, Rhode Island, resulting in in the loss of her whole crew of 48.

Today the wreck is a popular deep sea diving spot in 121 feet of water.

--GreGen

USS Eagle 56-- Part 6: General Characteristics

BUILDER:  Ford Motor Company

COMMISSIONED: 26 October 1919

LENGTH:  200 feet 9 inches

BEAM:  33 feet 1 inch

DRAFT:  8 feet 6 inches

SPEED:  18.32 knots

COMPLEMENT:   Officers: 5, Enlisted :56

ARMAMENT:

2 4" caliber guns

1 3" caliber gun

2 .50 BMG machine guns

--GreGen

USS Eagle 56-- Part 4: Afterwards

On 5 May 1945, the U-583 sank the collier Black Point off the coast of Cape Judit, Rhode Island, causing the loss of 12 lives.  During the ensuing Battle of Point Judith, the U-583 was chased and sunk by Navy and Coast Guard ships on 6 May.

Because the Allies had cracked Germany's codes, the U.S. intelligence knew in 1945 that U-boats had been sent across the North Atlantic to disrupt shipping in hopes of obtaining better surrender terms.  However, only general warnings rather than specific information about this plan were passed to commanders.

RECLASSIFICATION

In 2001, the Naval Historical Center reviewed the case and reclassified the sinking as a combat loss. In June 2001 Purple Heart medals were awarded to three survivors and the next of kin of those killed.

As of 2007, this is the only time that the U.S. Navy has overruled its own Court of Inquiry.

WRECK DISCOVERY

The ship's wreckage was located in June2018 and visited by a civilian dive team later that same month.  It lies 5 miles off the coast of Maine at a depth of 300 feet.  A video taken by the divers shows that the Eagle 56's boilers intact.  The ship's steel plating is starting to waste away, but the site has been designated a war grave and has all the protections associated with it.

GreGen

USS Eagle 56-- Part 3: The Sinking Was It a Boiler Explosion or U-Boat?

Next, the Eagle was assigned to Naval Air Station Brunswick from 28 June 1944.  

At noon 23 April 1945, the Eagle exploded amidship and broke into two pieces 3 miles off Cape Elizabeth, Maine.  The destroyer USS Selfridge was operating nearby and arrived 30 minutes after the explosion to rescue 13 survivors from the crew of 62.

The Selfridge obtained a sharp, well-defined sonar contact during the rescue and dropped nine Mark X Mod 2 depth charges without obvious result.  According to a classified U.S Navy report, the German submarine U-853 had been operating in the waters off Maine.

At a Naval Board of Inquiry in Portland the following week, five of the 13 survivors claimed to have seen a submarine. Several spotted a red and yellow emblem on the submarine's sail.  These insignia match the markings of the the U-853: a red horse on a yellow shield.  The Eagles boiler had been overhauled just two weeks before she sank and none of the other boilers on the Eagle boats had ever exploded.

Nevertheless, the official Navy inquiry concluded that Eagle 56 had suffered a boiler explosion.

--GreGen

USS Eagle 56-- Part 2

The Eagle 56 was patrolling off the Delaware Capes in January 1942 and remained at sea  almost constantly during the Second Happy Time of the Battle of the Atlantic, referring to German U-boats attacking Allied shipping along the east coast of the U.S.

When her depth charges were expended, a small ship from Cape May, New Jersey, would come out with a new supply.

The Eagle 56 rescued survivors of the Jacob Jones off Cape May in February 1942.  It was damaged by a collision with the submerged wreck of Gypsum Prince while rescuing survivors from a British freighter that had collided with the British tanker Voco on 4 March at the entrance to Delaware Bay.

It was repaired by using parts from another Eagle-class boat.

Next it was assigned to the Key West Sonar School in May 1942.

--GreGen

USS Eagle 56

From Wikipedia.

The USS Eagle 56 (PE-56) was a U.S. Navy World War I-era patrol boat that remained in service through World War II.  On 23 April 1945, while towing targets for U.S. Navy bomber exercises off the coast of Maine, it was sunk by German U-boat U-853.

Only 13 of the 62 crew survived

The loss was classified as a boiler explosion until 2001, when historical evidence convinced the Navy to reclassify the sinking as a combat loss due to enemy action.  The Eagle was the second to last Navy warship to be sunk by German during the war.

It was one of 60-Eagle Class patrol craft built by Henry Ford late in World War I as submarine chasers, none of which saw action.  Unpopular due to their poor sea handling, only eight remained in service by the time WW II began for the United States.

It was the second to last U.S. warship to be sunk by Germany during WW II.

--GreGen

Naval Ceremony for the USS Eagle-- Part 2

This was held this past Tuesday.

The sinking occurred during the waning days of World War II, with the Germans surrendering just two weeks later, on May 7, 1945.  Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, ending the war.

*  The vessel was one of a class built by Henry Ford at the end of World War I.

**  The U-583 didn't survive the Eagle by long.  The submarine was discovered in 18 fathoms (108 feet) and depth charges and hedgehogs were dropped during a 16-hour attack.  At first, it tried to hide by lying still.  Both times it was found by sonar.

On the morning of 6 May 1945 two K-Class blimps from Lakehurst, New Jersey, the K-16 and K-58 joined the attack, locating oil slicks and marking suspected locations with smoke and dye markers.  The K-16 also attacked with 7.2-inch rocket bombs.

Numerous depth charge and hedgehog attacks from the USS Atheron and USS Moberly resulted in planking, life rafts, a chart tabletop, clothing and an officer's cap floating to the surface.

The U-853 was one of the last U-boats sunk during World War Ii and the last to be sunk in U.S. waters.

--GreGen